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Agents such as sitagliptin and saxagliptin are available for first-line or adjunctive therapy

doi: 10.7150/ijbs.69343 188 LanCWChenMJTaiKYYuDCYangYCJanPSet al

While results from LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, Harmony Outcomes, REWIND, and AMPLITUDE-O have shown a decrease in three-point MACE in T2DM patients, differences in the benefits have been observed as clinical practice has evolved over this time

Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs regulate many genes and participate in many molecular pathways

ER stress and DNA damage are also responsible for vascular senescence

Notably, whereas Gcg is robustly expressed in -cells, its expression is suppressed in -cells through binding of pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), Pax4, and homeobox protein Nkx6.1 to the G1 element, thereby competitively preventing the binding of Pax6/Maf heterodimers to the G1 element (Figure 2) [100,139,140]