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Fifth, GLP-1RAs protect against cardiomyocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions via activating the leucine zipper motif (APPL 1 )-AMPK-PPAR axis and the AMPK-TXNIP pathway [80, 161]

Given the role of insulin, growth hormone, and sex steroids in pubertal maturation, pharmacological modulation of appetite and energy balance during this window may theoretically influence musculoskeletal development, bone mineralization, and long-term metabolic health

This comprehensive review aims to investigate the historical development of GLP-1-RA-based drugs, their mechanisms of action, therapeutic efficacy, safety profiles, tolerability, potential side effects, long-term outcomes, and future innovation trends

In 2023, an estimated 13.3 million Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in Parts A and B had obesity or overweight, based on having BMI of 27 or more recorded in claims or encounter data, or 24% of Medicare beneficiaries overall (Figure 1)

However, at present, few data are available regarding the incidence of hard outcomes in people discontinuing such drugs