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Toxicants: Despite the water filtration, shisha smoke contains high levels of toxic substances like carbon monoxide, heavy metals, and carcinogens

10.1093/jnci/djn389

Vital signs: disparities in nonsmokers exposure to secondhand smokeUnited States, 1999-2012

The Royal College of Physicians put long-term vaping risk at under 5% of smoking's

Toxicol In Vitro 27(2):932938 Benowitz NL (2008) Clinical pharmacology of nicotine: implications for understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco addiction

Retailers are required to obtain a license from the Kansas Department of Revenue to sell these products, and an excise tax of $0.05 per milliliter is levied on e-liquids