consequences of dipping tobacco Risks Is smokeless tobacco safer than

Failure to improve or resolve concurrent respiratory illness such as, but not limited to, asthma, bronchitis, or cough

Pipe tobacco delivers nicotine more slowly through oral absorption (for non-inhalers), though the total amount per session can be comparable or higher since a pipe bowl holds more tobacco than a cigarette

bag is significantly cheaper than a full pound of tobacco

The results for all-cause mortality, including or excluding cigar and pipe use, are compared in Additional file 2: Table S3

Adjusted odds ratios (AORs), p-values, and the associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated and used as measures of magnitude of associations

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