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Health outcome variables were all causes mortality (ICD-9 codes 001998), all cancer (ICD-9 codes 140208), oral cancer (ICD-9 codes 140149), esophageal cancer (ICD-9 codes 150), stomach cancer (ICD-9 codes 151), colon rectum cancer (ICD-9 codes 153154), liver cancer (ICD-9 codes 155), pancreas cancer (ICD-9 codes 157), lung cancer (ICD-9 codes 162), breast cancer (ICD-9 codes 174), prostate cancer (ICD-9 codes 185), bladder cancer (ICD-9 codes 188), Diabetes mellitus (ICD-9 codes 250), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (ICD-9 codes 390459), ischemic heart disease (ICD-9 codes 410414), stroke (ICD-9 codes 430438), respiratory system disease (ICD-9 codes 460519), COPD (ICD-9 codes 491496), digestive system disease (ICD-9 codes 520579), cirrhosis (ICD-9 codes 571), kidney disease (ICD-9 codes 580589), accidents (ICD-9 codes 800949) and suicide (ICD-9 codes 950959)

Hodge T, Cope MJ

A multilevel analysis examining the relationship between social influences for smoking and smoking onset

Airway inflammation in young marijuana and tobacco smokers

Because smoking is most often ingrained as a daily ritual used to cope with difficult everyday emotions, quitting means finding new, healthier ways of coping with those feelings

95% CI: 0.200.68, p0.001) and lower perception of smoking harm (= -0.66