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& Liao, W

Succination is a non-enzymatic, irreversible protein modification mediated by fumaric acid (an intermediate product of Krebs cycle in mitochondria) (Alderson et al., 2006)

Sato et al., 2013), resulting in the chronic activation of NRF2 and its downstream antioxidant program (Nioi and Nguyen, 2007

Scott Runyon May 30, 2025 Category Physical Therapy for ACL Recovery to Regain Strength and Mobility Physical therapy for ACL recovery restores strength, stability, and confidence after reconstruction

LPS stimulation of both succinate oxidation to promote reduction of the ubiquinone pool accumulation and an increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential (m) raised the production of mitochondrial ROS through complex I-dependent reverse electron transfer (RET)

Clinically, this synergy is relevant in immune dysfunction, chronic fatigue, skin aging, cardiovascular risk, and metabolic stress