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238,239,240 ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK are three primary MAPK signaling pathways that may activate transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-B to release pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-, IL-1, and NO

Third, dopaminergic neurons have increased vulnerability to oxidative stress because they produce a large amount of dopamine, which can be oxidized by ROS, subsequently resulting in lysosomal dysfunction and -synuclein accumulation 9

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Cell Biol Toxicol 22:4760 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Shalkami A-GS, Hassan MI, Abd El-Ghany AA (2018) Perindopril regulates the inflammatory mediators, NF-B/TNF-/IL-6, and apoptosis in cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction