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BPC-157 is thought to work through several mechanisms, including: Upregulation of growth hormone receptors in tendon and muscle tissue Promotion of angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation) Modulation of nitric oxide pathways to support tissue perfusion Anti-inflammatory effects via interaction with the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems Direct cytoprotective effects on the gut lining TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 Synthetic Fragment) TB-500 is a synthetic analogue of Thymosin Beta-4 (T4), a naturally occurring peptide found throughout the human body, with especially high concentrations in platelets, wound fluid, and areas of active tissue repair

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Acknowledgments We thank the UK Biobank study, and the summary statistics data of UKB can be download from Neale lab ( and other GWAS summary-level data, which have been downloaded from We also thank all the reviewers and editors for their useful suggestions for improving this study

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