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The root cause of IBD pathogenesis involves a disruption in the equilibrium between T helper (Th) cells and regulatory T cells, emphasizing the inability of regulatory T cells to function effectively.CD is characterized by inflammation driven by Th1 cells, resulting in an overproduction of IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23 (65)

The resulting glutamate supports glutathione (GSH) synthesis to detoxify ROS and suppress ferroptosis

These innovative clinical trials are anticipated to provide therapeutic opportunities for drug-resistant patients

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Bagheri S, Julkapli NM (2016) Modified iron oxide nanomaterials: functionalization and application

Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program