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Multiple studies have shown the positive effects of probiotics in reducing TMA levels and alleviating CVDs, with the probiotics including Enterobacter aerogenes , Lactobacillus rhamnosus , Saccharomyces boulardii , and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp

doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-10-569186 77

Increased TMAO levels are caused by lower clearance and increased synthesis as a result of gut dysbiosis, a weakened intestinal barrier, and increased hepatic enzyme activity

A.TarahomiP.AbbarinD.SedaghatK.Rashidy-PourA.YaribeygiH.et al (2023)

Chicken and turkey typically contain approximately 3 to 10 mg per 100 g [20]

Resveratrol modulates the gut microbiota composition and inhibits the activity of key enzymes, such as CutC and FMO3, involved in TMAO biosynthesis, thereby reducing the circulating TMAO concentrations and associated cardiovascular risks [82]