main amino acids for glutathione synthesis Glutathione: Master Antioxidant, Reducing Oxidative Stress, and Detoxification The Diverse Functions of Non-Essential

Probiotics also suppress MAPK signaling (e.g., p38, JNK) by limiting phosphorylation, thereby curbing amplification of inflammatory signals (Yu et al., 2024b)

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3.4.3 Inhibition of TGF- expression Transforming growth factor (TGF)- is an important enforcer of immune homeostasis, associating many constituents and functions of the immune system, and perturbations in its signaling underlie the pathology of inflammatory diseases (Hu et al., 2017)

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Ethics declarations Ethical statement All experimental protocols and methods were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of ICMR-NIOH wide approval no