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First, autophagy plays a protective role by inhibiting oxidative damage and apoptosis in CuSO 4 -induced testicular injury and spermatogenesis disruption, and second, autophagy plays an adverse role by promoting ferroptosis, thus aggravating the toxicity caused by CuSO 4 [100]

Dvila D, Torres-Aleman I (2008) Neuronal death by oxidative stress involves activation of FOXO3 through a two-arm pathway that activates stress kinases and attenuates insulin-like growth factor I signaling

Effective doses typically range from 250-500mg daily

instead, it promotes the production of endogenous glutathione in cells, thus enhancing the innate antioxidant response of cells

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doi: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.03.004