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The inhibition of mitochondrial respiration leads to depolarization of the IMM, followed by the opening of the mPTP and activation of apoptosis [170]

Peer-reviewed journals Aims and Scope webpages were deemed eligible if the title of the journal contained the words complementary, alternative, and/or integrative

AMPK is a major positive regulator of autophagy, which is activated by a high AMP-to-ATP ratio or by upstream kinases, such as LKB1 or CamKII (360, 361)

Mayo Clin Proc 88(6):544551

doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00818-7 54 Raonyde FigueiredoCSPandolfoPGiestal-de-AraujoEOliveira-Silva BomfimPSavinoW

Mitochondrial Ca 2+ overload also triggers apoptotic cell death by increasing ROS production and opening the mPTP [96]