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The gut microbiota affects host pathophysiology as an endocrine organ: a focus on cardiovascular disease

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Figure 4B further support that under the background of normal mice, the process of Pg -induced elevated plasma TMAO levels depends more on the oxidation of TMA in the liver rather than the generation of TMA in the intestine

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Skeletal muscles switch to fatty acid oxidation when they are in use, such as lifting weights, aerobics, sports, etc, but when at rest, they have a low rate of fatty acid oxidation

ABBREVIATIONS AFA Afimbriale adhesin APC Adenomatous Polyposis Coli AKT Protein Kinase B BA Bile Acid B()P Benzo()Pyrene BAX BCL2 Associated X BCL-2 B-Cell Lymphoma 2 Bcl-xl B-Cell Lymphoma- Extra-Large CA Cholic Acid CagA Cytotoxin-Associated Gene A CDCA Chenodeoxycholic Acid CDT Cytolethal Distention Toxin CIF Cycle-Inhibiting Factor CNF Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor CXCL1 Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 1 CXCL2 Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 2 CCL20 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 20 COX-2 Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 CRC Colorectal Cancer DiMeIQx 2-Amino-3,4,8-Dimethylimidazo (4,5-F) Quinoxaline DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid EPIC The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ETBF Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides Fragilis FadA Fusobacterium Adhesin A FMO3 Flavin Monooxygenase 3 Gal-GalNAc D-Galactose- (13)-N-Acetyl-D-Galactosamine HCA Heterocyclic Amines IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer IFN- Interferon Gamma IL-1 Interleukin 1 Beta IL-6 Interleukin 6 IL-8 Interleukin 8 IL 17 Interleukin-17 KRAS Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Virus M3R Muscarinic Receptor MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase MIR21 MicroRNA21 MUC2 Mucin 2 MUC5AC Mucin 5AC NF-B Nuclear Factor Kappa NLPP3 NOD-Like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 NOC N-Nitroso Compounds PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-Kinases PGE2 Prostaglandin E2 PKS Polyketide Synthase ROS Reactive Oxygen Species RNS Reactive Nitrogen Species TH17 T Helper 17 Cells TMAO Trimethylamine-N-oxide TGF- Transforming Growth Factor Beta TLR2 Toll-Like Receptor 2 TNF- Tumor Necrosis Factor TP53 Tumor Suppressor Gene Footnotes COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare that they have no competing interests